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Evolution Korea The democratic system in South Korea is vulnerable to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than one would expect. The country is seeking a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence society. There are signs that a secular culture is beginning to emerge. Origins In the prehistoric era, the ancestors to modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and made furs. They also established tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with art styles, a written language, and paper making. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and senior officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of its population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these people and sometimes even forced them to join the army or construct fortifications. At the close of this period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety a tenet. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They were expected to be obedient to everyone and admired by even their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This significantly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was recorded for the first time. Development in Korea The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of graves paved with stone, and decorated with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, made of massive single stones, are widespread throughout the country. In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern region of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a time. 바카라 에볼루션 emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935. As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country appears to be changing. Those who are horrified by the enormous cost of the old system support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand, those who support the old system are seeking to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and inflating fears of job loss. Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's growth is influenced by these two trends. This article examines the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution: illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies important factors that appear to influence these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory; 39% said the theory contradicted their religion and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a majority of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced forms of life. In the past of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and in bringing them to Christ. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in 1980, with a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists. The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, where it published its activities and also published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and several books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country. One example of a KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised money and secured funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus. In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. This magazine covers topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to children and other community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. At this time the samulnori, or masked dance dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and other musical instruments. Korea's new development model is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-based ones. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border. The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and exerted control over part of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo. However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.